![]() ![]() ![]() About 60% of employees are covered by collective bargaining in the EU, but this ranges from 80% or more in some countries to less than 10% in others (European Commission data). Across the EU, collective bargaining coverage is very diverse, as Eurofound research shows. European Commission: Working Time Directive (2003/88/EC)Įurofound collects country-level information on collective bargaining in the EU through its Network of Eurofound Correspondents.European Commission: Commission welcomes political agreement on adequate minimum wages for workers in the EU.European Commission: The European Semester – EU country-specific recommendations.More generally, collective bargaining takes place within a framework which is, in part, set by EU legislation, including provisions concerning equal pay for work of equal value and the requirements of the Working Time Directive and related legislation. For example, the country-specific recommendations (CSRs) in the framework of the European Semester have addressed issues such as aligning pay developments with productivity, minimum wage-setting and pay indexation systems. While the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union recognises the autonomy of social partners, in particular in relation to pay bargaining, EU policies nevertheless exert a significant influence on collective bargaining and the wider industrial relations system. Such agreements can regulate both the procedures for relations between the signatory parties and the terms and conditions of employment of those workers covered by the agreement, such as pay and working time. The outcome of collective bargaining is typically a collective agreement. The degrees of centralisation and coordination of collective bargaining – and especially pay bargaining – are important features of the system, with implications for both labour market and macroeconomic outcomes. National systems vary in terms of the respective roles of collective bargaining and legislation in regulating the labour market, in the levels at which bargaining is conducted (cross-sectoral, sectoral, company and workplace, regional, occupational), and in the way in which negotiations at different levels may interrelate (articulation). Collective bargaining, the core of organised industrial relations, takes place in different institutional settings. ![]()
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